精神疾病

在各种临床环境（包括初级保健和紧急治疗中心）中存在精神投诉或问题或无序行为的患者。投诉或疑虑可能是新的，也可能是精神问题史的延续。投诉可能与应对身体状况有关，或者是身体状况对中枢神经系统的直接影响。评估方法取决于投诉是紧急情况还是在预定访问中进行报告。在紧急情况下，医生可能必须专注于更直接的历史，症状和行为，才能做出管理决定。在预定的访问中，更彻底的评估是适当的。

每个人都定期经历恐惧和焦虑。

每个人偶尔会在记忆，感知，身份和意识的正常自动整合中遇到失败。例如，人们可能会开车在某个地方，然后意识到他们不记得驱动器的许多方面，因为他们全神贯注于个人担忧，广播中的节目或与乘客的对话。通常，这种失败被称为非人性化解离，不会破坏日常活动。

Eating disorders involve a persistent disturbance of eating or of behavior related to eating that

情绪障碍是情绪障碍，包括长时间的悲伤，过度欢乐或两者兼而有之。儿童和青少年可能会发生情绪障碍（请参阅儿童和青少年的抑郁症以及儿童和青少年的双相情感障碍）。

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, persistent, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, urges, or images (obsessions) and/or by repetitive behaviors or mental acts that patients feel driven to do (compulsions) to try to lessen or prevent the anxiety that obsessions cause. Diagnosis is based on history. Treatment consists of psychotherapy (specifically, exposure and response prevention plus, in many cases, cognitive therapy), drug therapy (specifically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] or clomipramine), or, especially in severe cases, both.

亲属障碍是痛苦或残疾的经常性，强烈，性唤醒的幻想，冲动或行为，涉及无生命的对象，儿童或不同意的成年人，或遭受痛苦或屈辱或造成损害的伴侣。

Personality disorders in general are pervasive, enduring patterns of thinking, perceiving, reacting, and relating that cause significant distress or functional impairment. Personality disorders vary significantly in their manifestations, but all are believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many gradually become less severe with age, but certain traits may persist to some degree after the acute symptoms that prompted the diagnosis of a disorder abate. Diagnosis is clinical. Treatment is with psychosocial therapies and sometimes drug therapy.

精神分裂症and related psychotic disorders— brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder—are characterized most prominently by psychotic symptoms and often by negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.

躯体化是心理现象作为身体（体细胞）症状的表达。以躯体化为特征的疾病在连续体中扩展到症状在不自觉和非遗嘱上发展到症状在有意识和自愿发展的症状上。这个连续性包括

自杀是由旨在致命的自我伤害行为引起的死亡。自杀行为涵盖了从自杀企图和预备行为到完成自杀的一系列行为。自杀念头是指考虑，考虑或计划自杀的过程。

与物质有关的疾病涉及直接激活大脑奖励系统的物质。奖励系统的激活通常会引起愉悦感；令人愉悦的感觉的特定特征因药物而异。这些药物分为10种不同的类别，尽管没有完全不同的药理机制。药物的类别包括